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The Catholic sex abuse cases are a series of 20th-21st century allegations, investigations, trials, and convictions of child sexual abuse crimes committed by Catholic priests, nuns, and members of Roman Catholic orders against boys and girls, some as young as 3 years old, with the majority between the ages of 11 and 14.〔 Reverend Oliver O'Grady later confessed to the abuse of many other children. The documentary ''Deliver Us from Evil'' explored his story and the cover-up by Diocesan officials.〕〔Bush R. & Wardell H.S. 1900, ''Stoke Industrial School, Nelson (Report of Royal Commission On, Together With Correspondence, Evidence and Appendix)'' Government Printer; Wellington, 8.〕 The accusations began to receive wide publicity in the late 1980s. Many relate to cases in which a figure was accused of abuse for decades; such allegations was frequently made by adults or older youths years after the abuse occurred. Cases have also been brought against members of the Catholic hierarchy who covered up the sex abuse allegations, moving allegedly abusive priests to other parishes, where abuse sometimes continued. The cases received significant international media and public attention, especially in the United States, where it was first investigated and reported; Canada, and Ireland. Members of the Church's hierarchy have argued that media coverage was excessive and disproportionate, and that such abuse takes place in other religions and institutions. A critical investigation by ''The Boston Globe'' in 2002 led to widespread media coverage of the issue in the United States. By 2010, much of the reporting focused on abuse in Europe. From 2001 to 2010 the Holy See, the central governing body of the Catholic Church, considered sex abuse allegations concerning about 3,000 priests dating back up to fifty years. Cases worldwide reflect patterns of long-term abuse, and the church hierarchy regularly covering up reports of alleged abuse.〔 * In Ireland, a 2009 report (''see'' Commission to Inquire into Child Abuse) was made covering six decades (from the 1950s), noting "endemic" sexual abuse in Catholic boys' institutions, with church leaders aware of what was going on and government inspectors failing to "stop beatings, rapes and humiliation."() * In Australia, according to Broken Rites, a support and advocacy group for church-related sex abuse victims, there were over one hundred cases in which Catholic priests were charged for child sex offences.()() A 2012 police report detailed 40 suicide deaths directly related to abuse by Catholic clergy in the state of Victoria.(Nick McKenzie, Richard Baker and Jane Lee. Church's suicide victims. Canberra Times 13 April 2012. http://www.canberratimes.com.au/victoria/churchs-suicide-victims-20120412-1wwox.html accessed 2 July 2012) * Of the Catholic sexual abuse cases in Latin America, the most famous is arguably of the sexual scandal of Father Marcial Maciel, the leader of the Legion of Christ, a Roman Catholic congregation of pontifical right made up of priests and seminarians studying for the priesthood.(http://www.legionariesofchrist.org/eng/articulos/articulo2.phtml?se=243&ca=703&te=475&id=29158&csearch=703) This occurred after the Legion spent more than a decade denying allegations and criticizing the victims who claimed abuse.(("Money paved way for Maciel's influence in the Vatican" | work=National Catholic Reporter )) * In Tanzania, Father Kit Cunningham, together with three other priests, was exposed as a paedophile after his death. * * (【引用サイトリンク】title=Abused: Breaking the Silence (2011) : Documentary ) * * * * )() The abuse took place in the 1960s but was not revealed until 2011, largely through a BBC documentary. * * * * * * * * * * * * 〕 Diocesan officials and academics knowledgeable about the Roman Catholic Church say that sexual abuse by clergy is generally not discussed, and thus is difficult to measure.〔This may be due in part to the more hierarchical structure of the Church in Third World countries, the "psychological health" of clergy in those regions, and because third world media, legal systems and public culture are not as apt to thoroughly discuss sexual abuse.〕 In the Philippines, where at least 85% of the population is Catholic, revelations of child sexual abuse by priests followed the United States' reporting in 2002. Studies have found that priests in the Catholic Church may not be any more likely than other men to commit abuse.〔〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Priests Commit No More Abuse Than Other Males )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=9 Myths about Priestly Pedophilia )〕 In addition, the rate of abuse by priests had fallen sharply in the last twenty to thirty years. Some 75% of the cases in the United States occurred between 1960 and 1985.〔 Pope Benedict XVI adopted transparency for the church in abuse matters. In 2010, allegations of a sexual nature against Roman Catholic priests in the US numbered eight.〔()〕 ==International extent of issue== The sexual abuse of children under the age of consent by priests has received significant media and public attention in the United States, Canada, Ireland, the United Kingdom, Mexico, Belgium, France, Germany and Australia. Cases have also been reported in other nations throughout the world.〔 Many of the cases span several decades and are brought forward years after the abuse occurred. Although nationwide inquiries have been conducted only in the United States and Ireland, cases of clerical sexual abuse of minors have been reported and prosecuted in Australia, New Zealand, Canada and other countries. In 1994, allegations of sexual abuse of 47 young seminarians surfaced in Argentina. In 1995, Cardinal Hans Hermann Groër resigned from his post as Archbishop of Vienna, Austria over allegations of sexual abuse, although he remained a Cardinal. Since 1995, more than 100 priests from various parts of Australia were convicted of sexual abuse.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Sex-abuse in the Catholic Church in Australia )〕 In Ireland, the Commission to Inquire into Child Abuse issued a report that covered six decades (from the 1950s). It noted "endemic" sexual abuse in Catholic boys' institutions, saying that church leaders were aware of abuses and that government inspectors failed to "stop beatings, rapes and humiliation."〔Garrett, Paul Michael. "A 'Catastrophic, Inept, Self-Serving' Church? Re-examining Three Reports on Child Abuse in the Republic of Ireland," ''Journal of Progressive Human Services'', Vol. 24, Issue 1 (2013):43–65〕 The commission's report on church abuse ran to five volumes. The report noted the "centrality of poverty and social vulnerability in the lives of the victims of abuse."〔 In Australia, according to Broken Rites, a support and advocacy group for church-related sex abuse victims, there have been over one hundred cases where Catholic priests have been charged for child sex offences. A 2012 police report detailed 40 suicide deaths directly related to abuse by Catholic clergy in the state of Victoria.〔Nick McKenzie, Richard Baker and Jane Lee. Church's suicide victims. Canberra Times 13 April 2012. http://www.canberratimes.com.au/victoria/churchs-suicide-victims-20120412-1wwox.html accessed 2 July 2012〕 In January 2013, an Australian Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse was called to investigate institutional sexual abuse of minors related, but not exclusive, to matters concerning clergy of the Catholic Church.〔Bianca Hall and Judith Ireland, "Sex Abuse Victims May Get Payouts", ''Sydney Morning Herald'' 12 January 2013, p. 1.〕 Of the Catholic sexual abuse cases in Latin America, the most widely known is the sexual scandal of Father Marcial Maciel, the leader of the Legion of Christ, a Roman Catholic congregation of pontifical right made up of priests and seminarians studying for the priesthood.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=COMMUNIQUE – Legion of Christ )〕 The revelations took place after the Legion spent more than a decade denying allegations and criticizing the victims who claimed abuse.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Money paved way for Maciel's influence in the Vatican )〕 In Tanzania, Father Kit Cunningham and three other priests were exposed as paedophiles after Cunningham's death.〔 *(【引用サイトリンク】title=Abused: Breaking the Silence (2011) : Documentary ) * * 〕 The abuse took place in the 1960s but was only publicly revealed in 2011, largely through a BBC documentary.〔 * * * * * 〕 Church officials and academics knowledgeable about the Third World Roman Catholic Church say that sexual abuse by clergy is generally not discussed, and thus is difficult to measure.〔 This may be due in part to the more hierarchical structure of the Church in Third World countries, the "psychological health" of clergy in those regions, and because third world media, legal systems and public culture are not as apt to thoroughly discuss sexual abuse.〔 In the Philippines, where at least 85% of the population is Catholic, the revelations of sexual abuse by priests, including child sexual abuse, followed the United States' widespread reporting in 2002.〔 Academic Mathew N. Schmalz notes India as an example: "you would have gossip and rumors, but it never reaches the level of formal charges or controversies."〔 Traditionally, the Roman Catholic Church has held tight control over many aspects of church life around the globe, including "the words used in prayer", but it left sex abuse cases to be handled locally.〔 In 2001, the church first required that sex abuse cases be reported to Rome.〔 In July 2010, the Vatican doubled the length of time after the 18th birthday of the victim in which clergymen can be tried in a church court. It also streamlined the processes for removing "pedophile priests". The Augustin Cardinal Bea, S.J. specializes in abuse counseling and is considered an expert on clerical abuse; he states "approximately 4% of priests during the past half century (and mostly in the 1960s and 1970s) have had a sexual experience with a minor."〔 According to ''Newsweek'' magazine, this figure is similar to the rate of frequency in the rest of the adult population. Allegations of and convictions for sexual abuse by clergy have occurred in many countries. There area no accurate figures available on the number of sexual abuse cases in different regions. But, in 2002 ''The Boston Globe'' reported, "clearly the issue has been most prominent in the United States."〔 The US is the country with the highest number of reported Catholic sex abuse cases.〔Gray, Mark M. "The Impact of Religious Switching and Secularization on the estimated size of the U.S. Adult Catholic Population". Article 49.4(2008)457–460.〕 Plante wrote, the "crisis in the United States reached epidemic proportions within the Church, the likes of which haven't been witnessed before."〔 After the United States, the country with the next highest number of reported cases is Ireland.〔 A significant number of cases have also been reported in Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and countries in Europe, Latin America, Africa, and Asia. In 2004, the John Jay report tabulated a total of 4,392 priests and deacons in the U.S. against whom allegations of sexual abuse had been made. In response to the attention, members of the church hierarchy have argued that media coverage has been unfair, excessive, and disproportionate.〔 According to a Pew Research Center study, in 2002 the media coverage was focused on the US, where a ''Boston Globe'' series initiated widespread coverage in the region. However, by 2010 the focus had shifted to Europe.〔〔 In September 2011, a submission was lodged with the International Criminal Court alleging that the Pope, Cardinal Angelo Sodano (Dean of the College of Cardinals), Cardinal Tarcisio Bertone (Cardinal Secretary of State), and Cardinal William Levada (then-current Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith) had committed a crime against humanity by failing to prevent or punish perpetrators of rape and sexual violence in a "systematic and widespread" concealment which included failure to co-operate with relevant law enforcement agencies. In a statement to the Associated Press, the Vatican described this as a "ludicrous publicity stunt and a misuse of international judicial processes." Lawyers and law professors emphasised that the case is likely to fall outside the court's jurisdiction. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Catholic Church sexual abuse cases」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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